La triada oscura de la personalidad y sus implicaciones en el deporte: Una revision sistemática / The dark triad of personality and its psychological implications in sport: A systematic review / O triade sombria da personalidade e suas implicações psicológicas no esporte: Uma revisão sistemática

La Triada Oscura de la personalidad (TOP) ha suscitado el interés creciente de la comunidad científica, debido a las aportaciones explicativas que ofrecen sus características a factores ampliamente investigados por los estudios de personalidad. Narcisismo, maquiavelismo y psicopatía forman parte de una constelación de factores que subyacen en variables tanto de autoconcepto, de ajuste psicológico y de relación social. Han sido escasos los trabajos que han estudiado tales constructos en contextos deportivos, principalmente centrados en conductas inmorales, de incapacidad para la autorregulación de impulsos, o de configuración de creencias perfeccionistas orientadas al éxito deportivo. Con el propósito de reflejar, a través de la revision sistemática de los textos científicos publicados, se describen los principales vínculos entre las dimensiones de la TO y otras variables en deportistas. Se han revisado los artículos originales en inglés y español publicados en las bases de datos electrónicas Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, ProQuest, SCOPUS, Dialnet, PubMed e ISOC, teniendo en cuenta los principios establecidos por la declaración PRISMA y AMSTAR para la descripción cualitativa y cuantitativa en revisiones sistemáticas. De los 72 artículos identificados, sólo 24 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión establecidos. Los entrenadores y deportistas son las figuras que más se han asociado al estudio de los rasgos de la TOP, y las variables más vinculadas con motivación, perfeccionismo, liderazgo, actitudes hacia trampas, o el locus de control

The Dark Triad of Personality (DTP) has received a growing interest by the scientific community, due to the explanatory contributions offered by its characteristics to factors widely investigated in the research on personality. Narcissism, Machiavellianism and Psychopathy configure a constellation of factors that underlie variables such as self-concept, psychological adjustment and social relationships. There is a lack of studies on such constructs in sports contexts, and they are mainly focused on immoral behavior, inability to self-regulate impulses and configurations of perfectionist beliefs regarding athletic success. With the purpose of reflecting the published papers within a systematic review, the main links between the dimensions of the DTP and other variables in athletes are described. Original articles in English and Spanish published in the platforms and electronic databases Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, MEDline, and EBSCO-HOST were reviewed, taking into account the principles established by the PRISMA and AMSTAR statements for the qualitative and quantitative description of findings in systematic reviews. Of the 72 articles identified, 29 met the established inclusion criteria. Coaches and athletes are the figures that have received greater interest in the study of DTP traits. The variables most related to DTP are exercise dependence, perfectionism, leadership, aggressivity, attitudes towards cheating and locus of control

A Tríade Sombria da Personalidade (TSP) despertou o crescente interesse da comunidade científica, devido às contribuições explicativas oferecidas por suas características a fatores amplamente investigados por estudos de personalidade. O Narcisismo, o Maquiavelismo e a Psicopatia fazem parte de uma constelação de fatores subjacentes a variáveis como autoconceito, ajuste psicológico e relacionamento social. Há uma falta de estudos sobre tais construtos em contextos esportivos, e eles são principalmente focados em comportamento imoral, incapacidade de auto-regular impulsos e configurações de crenças perfeccionistas em relação ao sucesso atlético. Com o propósito de refletir com uma revisão sistemática de textos científicos publicados, as principais relaçãos entre as dimensões do TSP e outras variáveis em atletas são descritos. Os artigos originais em inglês e espanhol publicados nas bases de datos eletrônicas Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, MEDline e EBSCO-HOST foram revisados, levando em consideração os princípios estabelecidos pelas declarações PRISMA e AMSTAR para o descrição qualitativa e quantitativa dos resultados em revisões sistemáticas. Dos 72 artigos identificados, 29 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. Treinadores e atletas são os indivíduos que receberam maior interesse no estudo das características do TSP. As variáveis mais relacionadas à TSP são dependência do exercício, perfeccionismo, liderança, agressividade, atitudes frente ao engano e locus de controle

Coping self-efficacy in a community-based sample of women and men from the United Kingdom: the impact of sex and health status.

This study presents pioneer findings regarding coping self-efficacy obtained with the Coping Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES) in a community-based sample composed of both women and men (to date, only data obtained in the 1980s from men with HIV and depression exist). The aims of this study were to investigate the psychometric properties of the CSES and obtain descriptive results in a British community-based sample composed of both women and men. Participants responded to both the CSES and another scale measuring coping with stress self-efficacy. Based on our findings, the CSES showed appropriate reliability and construct validity, although some items require revision. We found that sex and, particularly, health status play an important role in individual differences in coping self-efficacy. Women showed significantly stronger self-efficacy beliefs for social support than men, while for the remaining scores, men scored higher than women. Healthy participants showed significantly stronger self-efficacy beliefs (for social support, NS) than unhealthy participants. The results confirmed both the suitability of the CSES as a measure of a person's confidence in his or her perceived ability to perform certain actions aimed at coping effectively with stress in a nonbiased sample and its soundness in research and clinical contexts.

La «Escala de Balance Afectivo». Propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento para la medida del afecto positivo y negativo en población española / The «Affect Balance Scale». Its psychometric properties as a tool for measuring positive and negative affect in the spanish population

El Balance Afectivo se ha propuesto como uno de los componentes, junto con la Satisfacción Vital, del Bienestar Subjetivo. El Balance Afectivo se refiere a las respuestas emocionales de la persona cuando hace juicios valorativos sobre su vida, y es el resultado de la consideración de las emociones tanto positivas como negativas experimentadas a lo largo de un período de tiempo determinado. Este estudio presenta las características de la Escala de Balance Afectivo (EBA) (versión española de la escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo de Warr et al., 1983) en una muestra española adulta obtenida de la población general. METODOLOGÍA: Participaron voluntariamente en este estudio 219 personas con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 64 años (M= 30.54; dt= 10.79; 62.1% mujeres) procedentes de diferentes contextos comunitarios. Los participantes respondieron 4 medidas sobre balance afectivo, competencia personal inespecífica, salud general y satisfacción vital en una única administración. RESULTADOS: Respecto a las propiedades psicométricas de la EBA, las subescalas de Afecto Positivo y Afecto Negativo muestran una elevada consistencia interna, con valores de alfa de Cronbach de 0.82 y 0.75 respectivamente. Sus elementos muestran un adecuado comportamiento que refleja su pertinencia y relevancia para la medida del Balance Afectivo. La estructura factorial arroja un modelo bifactorial perfectamente ajustado a la propuesta teórica. No obstante, dos ítems necesitarían ser reformulados. El análisis de la posible relación entre el afecto positivo y el afecto negativo realizado utilizando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales apoya la estrecha relación inversa entre ambas dimensiones de la afectividad. La escala muestra una adecuada validez convergente con medidas de competencia personal inespecífica o global, de salud física y mental y de satisfacción vital. (AU)

Along with life satisfaction, affect balance is suggested to be a component of subjective well-being. Affect balance refers to the individual’s emotional responses when doing evaluative judgments on his/her life. Affect balance results from the consideration of both positive and negative emotions experienced over a given period of time. This paper describes the characteristics of the Affect Balance Scale (EBA, a Spanish version of the Positive and Negative Affect scale by Warr et al., 1983) using a sample of Spanish adults. METHOD: Two hundred and nineteen individuals aged 18 to 64 yr (Mean = 30.54, SD = 10.79, 62.1% females) voluntarily participated in the study. Subjects were selected from several community settings. Participants responded in only one measurement 4 measures assessing affect balance, general personal competence, health status and life satisfaction. RESULTS: The EBA showed appropriate psychometric properties -Cronbach’s alphas were 0.82 and 0.75 respectively for the Positive Affect subscale and Negative Affect subscale. Item behavior was also correct, showing their feasibility and relevance for assessing Affect Balance. A two-factor structure was found that fitted the theoretical structure. Nevertheless, two items need to be reformulated. The analysis of the possible relationship between positive and negative affect by means of structural equation modeling supports a close inverse relation between both dimensions of affectivity. The scale also showed a convergent validity with measures of personal global competence, health status and life satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm the utility and appropriateness of the EBA for the assessment of the Affect Balance in the Spanish population. Furthermore, the EBA can be considered a suitable tool for the study of Subjective Well-Being (AU)

La personalidad resistente: una revisión de la conceptualización e investigación sobre la dureza / The hardy personality: a review of hardiness conceptualization and research

Se presenta una revisión de la formulación teórica de un constructo de personalidad, la personalidad resistente o dureza (Kobasa, 1979a, 1979b), propuesto como un recurso de resistencia y protección de la salud física y mental en virtud de su efecto amortiguador, mitigador o anulador de las consecuencias nocivas del estrés sobre el individuo. Asimismo, se presenta gran parte de los resultados de la investigación sobre la relación entre este constructo y la salud/enfermedad. El trabajo concluye con dos sugerencias fundamentales a tomar en cuenta en la investigación en torno a la dureza: la utilización de la estrategia estadística de la Obtención de Modelos mediante Ecuaciones Estructurales (Structural Equation Modeling) y la determinación del papel de la dimensión de desafío respecto a la estructura de la personalidad resistente y a sus efectos sobre la asociación estrés-salud/enfermedad (AU)

Variables modulating stress and coping that discriminate drug consumers from low or nondrug consumers.

The present study assesses how certain stress and coping variables relate to drug use. A total of 124 subjects (85 men, 39 women) took part. They were divided into two groups: consumers and low or nonconsumers. Results indicate that consumers show significantly lower scores in self-control than low or nonconsumers. This research is of interest because it analyzes the relationship among assertiveness, self-control, self-efficacy, and drug use. We consider it worthwhile to take these variables into account when planning prevention programs.